It uses the case studies of Mogadishu, in Somalia, and Karachi, in Pakistan. The article develops the concept of urban resources, defined as sources of income for armed groups linked to the agglomeration of people and the scarcity of essential goods and services (housing, water, security provision etc.) resulting from inefficient urban governance. These resources also provide incentives for the use of violence. This article argues that cities located near armed conflicts contain economic opportunities and incentives, linked to scarce public services amid rising populations, that are attractive to armed groups for their material and political value. Urbanisation has reinforced the economic functions of cities for non-state armed groups willing to exploit the rising demand for services, amid weak state governance. But even when major armed clashes between conflict parties concentrate in rural areas or towns, large cities play a critical but often less visible role: that of hubs for illicit economies supporting the political agendas of armed groups such as militias and insurgents. It has also been accompanied by increasing policy and academic concern about the vulnerability of cities to armed conflict. Abstract Rapid urbanisation in countries undergoing or recovering from armed conflict has imposed severe strain on public services and governance.
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